Investigation of dual anti-HIV/HSV activity of oxoquinoline-acylhydrazone derivatives by molecular docking

Abstract Someoxoquinoline-acylhydrazonederivativesshowedactivityagainst HumanImmunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). These compounds must also be active against Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) by an inhibition mechanism where they interact with the HSV-DNA-polymerase/DNA-duplex complex. There are several treatment options for HSV-1 but there is no cure for the disease, which may represent a life risk for individuals co-infected with HIV. In this work molecular docking studies were carried out in an attempt to understand the dual activity of these oxoquinoline-acyhydrazone derivatives. The compounds were docked in two possible situations: (i) in the polymerase domain of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) enzyme in order to verify whether the inhibition occurs similarly to the proposed mechanism for HSV-1 inhibition, where the ligand would form a complex with the enzyme and the DNA; (ii) in the allosteric site of RT in order to verify if the inhibition occur in a similar way to non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI). The studied compounds showed higher binding affinity to the allosteric site of RT and the results indicate that the inhibition should occur in a mechanism similar to that of NNRTI, which produces an allosteric inhibition that induces structural changes in the enzymatic active site.

Evaluation of herpesvirus members on hospital admission in patients with systemic lupus erythematous shows higher frequency of Epstein-Barr virus and its associated renal dysfunction / Avaliação de membros da família Herpesviridae na admissão hospitalar de pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico mostra maior frequência do vírus Epstein-Barr e sua disfunção renal associada

Abstract Introduction: Members of the Herpesviridae family have been described in patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), but the clinical impact on renal function is not well known. Methods: HSV1, HSV2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8 were evaluated by molecular biology on admission in blood samples from 40 consecutive SLE patients hospitalized for lupus activity. Results: Patients were 90.0% female, 77.5% non-white, with average age of 32.7 ± 13.6 years. We found positivity for EBV (65.0%), CMV (30.0%), HSV-1 (30.0%), HHV-6 (12.5%), and HHV-7 (7.5%). For all viruses, age, SLEDAI, hematological tests, ferritin, LDH, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were not significant. However, EBV positivity was a significant factor for higher serum creatinine (3.0 ± 2.8 vs. 0.9 ± 0.8; P = 0.001) and urea (86 ± 51 vs. 50 ± 46; P = 0.03). Moreover, positive cases for EBV only or with combined co-infections (66.7%-CMV; 58.3%-HSV-1) or negative for EBV only were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test again showed statistical significance for serum creatinine and urea (both P ≤ 0.01), with posttest also showing statistical differences for renal dysfunction and EBV presence (alone or in combined co-infections). The presence of EBV viral load was also significant for nephrotic-range proteinuria, renal flare, and the need for hemodialysis. Conclusion: Members of the Herpeviridae family (mainly EBV, HSV-1 and CMV) are common on hospital admission of SLE patients, reaching 65% for EBV, which seems to be associated with renal dysfunction and could reflect a previous association or overlapping disease, which is not well understood.

Resumo Introdução: Membros da família Herpesviridae tem sido descritos em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES), mas o impacto clínico na função renal não é bem conhecido. Métodos: Avaliou-se HSV1, HSV2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8 por biologia molecular na admissão em amostras sanguíneas de 40 pacientes com LES consecutivos hospitalizados por atividade lúpica. Resultados: Pacientes 90,0% mulheres, 77,5% não brancos, idade média 32,7 ± 13,6 anos. Encontramos positividade para EBV (65,0%), CMV (30,0%), HSV-1 (30,0%), HHV-6 (12,5%), HHV-7 (7,5%). Para todos os vírus, idade, SLEDAI, exames hematológicos, ferritina, LDH, proteína C reativa, velocidade de hemossedimentação não foram significativos. Entretanto, positividade para EBV foi estatisticamente significativo para creatinina (3,0 ± 2,8 vs. 0,9 ± 0,8; P = 0,001) e ureia (86 ± 51 vs. 50 ± 46; P = 0,03) séricas mais elevadas. Ademais, casos positivos para EBV isolado ou com coinfecções combinadas (66,7%-CMV; 58,3%-HSV-1) ou negativos apenas para EBV foram avaliados pelo teste Kruskal-Wallis e novamente mostraram significância estatística para creatinina e ureia séricas (ambas P ≤ 0,01), com pós-teste mostrando também diferenças estatísticas para disfunção renal e presença de EBV (sozinho ou em coinfecções combinadas). A presença de carga viral do EBV também foi significativa para proteinúria de faixa nefrótica, inflamação aguda, necessidade de hemodiálise. Conclusão: Membros da família Herpeviridae (principalmente EBV, HSV-1, CMV) são comuns na admissão de pacientes com LES, chegando a 65% para EBV, que parece associar-se à disfunção renal podendo refletir associação prévia ou doença sobreposta, o que não é bem compreendido.

Development and evaluation of topical formulations that contain hydroethanolic extract from Schinus terebinthifolia against HSV-1 infection

Abstract The therapeutic drugs to treat Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections have toxic side effects and there has been an emergence of drug-resistant strains. Therefore, the search for new treatments for HSV infections is mounting. In the present study, semi-solid formulations containing a crude hydroethanolic extract (CHE) from Schinus terebinthifolia were developed. Skin irritation, cutaneous permeation, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of the formulations were investigated. Treatment with the ointment formulations did not result in any signs of skin irritation while the emulsions increased the thickness of the epidermis in Swiss mice. The cutaneous permeation test indicated that the CHE incorporated in the formulations permeated through the skin layers and was present in the epidermis and dermis even 3 h after topical application. In vivo antiviral activity in BALB/c mice treated with the CHE ointments was better than those treated with the CHE emulsions and did not significantly differ from an acyclovir-treated group. Taken together, this suggests that the incorporation of CHE in the ointment may be a potential candidate for the alternative topical treatment of herpetic lesions.

Manifestaciones neurológicas del herpes virus simple y varicela zóster / Neurological manifestations of herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster

RESUMEN El espectro de manifestaciones neurológicas secundarias a la infección por la familia de virus Herpesviridae es heterogénea, depende de factores ambientales, de la susceptibilidad inmunológica del huésped (infección de por vida) y la susceptibilidad genética, entre otras variables. Así, el compromiso puede ser fatal en ausencia de un rápido diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo de revisar la neuroinfección por herpesvirus tipo 1 (HSV-1), tipo 2 (HSV-2) y virus de la varicela zóster (VVZ) es profundizar en aquellas manifestaciones clínicas que generan compromiso del sistema nervioso central y periférico, así como contribuir a una detección y confirmación temprana de la infección, establecer un enfoque terapéutico adecuado, que depende del compromiso clínico, y, finalmente, minimizar las complicaciones y secuelas neurológicas a largo plazo.

SUMMARY The spectrum of neurological manifestations secondary to infection by the family of viruses Herpesviridae is heterogeneous depending on environmental factors, susceptibility host immunological (infection for life), genetic susceptibility among other variables. Thus, the compromise can be fatal in the absence of prompt diagnosis and treatment. He objective of reviewing neuroinfection by Herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1), type 2 (HSV-2) and virus varicella zoster (VVZ) is to delve into those clinical manifestations that generate central and peripheral nervous system involvement, seeks to detect and confirm early, and likewise establish an adequate therapeutic approach that depends on the clinical commitment, ultimately minimizing long-term neurological complications and sequelae term.

Qingre Xiaoyanning Capsules alleviate HSV-1 susceptibility induced by emotional stress / 中国中药杂志

In this study, emotional stress-induced herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) susceptibility model was employed to simu-late the pathological state of " depression-induced liver fire", and the protection effect of Qingre Xiaoyanning(QX) in clearing liver fire was investigated. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a normal group, a HSV-1 group, a restraint stress + HSV-1 group,low-(0. 658 g·kg~(-1)) and high-dose(1. 316 g·kg~(-1)) QX groups, and an acyclovir group. Except for the normal group and the HSV-1 group, the mice in other groups received daily restraint stress for 6 h from day 3 of medication. On day 9 of medication, mice were anesthetized by isoflurane and infected intranasally with HSV-1. Survival rate, weight change, encephalitis symptoms, and eye injury of mice were recorded for 14 d after virus infection. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect pathological changes and HSV-1 antigen distribution. Plaque assay was performed to detect the titer of HSV-1. The protein ex-pression of ICP27 in the mouse brain was detected by Western blot. The experimental results showed that QX could increase the survival rate of HSV-1-infected mice loaded with emotional stress(P<0. 001), reduce the titer of HSV-1 in the mouse brain(P<0. 01), relieve brain inflammation(P<0. 05) and eye injury(P<0. 05), down-regulate the expression of ICP27 related to HSV-1(P<0. 05), and decrease the distribution of HSV-1 antigen in the mouse brain. The results demonstrated that QX significantly reduced the susceptibility to HSV-1 induced by emotional stress, which is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment and preven-tion of HSV-1 infection and promote the clinical development and application of Chinese medicine effective in clearing liver fire.

Identification and characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 and Human alphaherpesvirus 1 from a productive coinfection in a fatal COVID-19 case

BACKGROUND During routine Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis, an unusually high viral load was detected by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in a nasopharyngeal swab sample collected from a patient with respiratory and neurological symptoms who rapidly succumbed to the disease. Therefore we sought to characterise the infection. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine and characterise the etiological agent responsible for the poor outcome. METHODS Classical virological methods, such as plaque assay and plaque reduction neutralisation test combined with amplicon-based sequencing, as well as a viral metagenomic approach, were performed to characterise the etiological agents of the infection. FINDINGS Plaque assay revealed two distinct plaque phenotypes, suggesting either the presence of two severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains or a productive coinfection of two different species of virus. Amplicon-based sequencing did not support the presence of any SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants that would explain the high viral load and suggested the presence of a single SARS-CoV-2 strain. Nonetheless, the viral metagenomic analysis revealed that Coronaviridae and Herpesviridae were the predominant virus families within the sample. This finding was confirmed by a plaque reduction neutralisation test and PCR. MAIN CONCLUSIONS We characterised a productive coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in a patient with severe symptoms that succumbed to the disease. Although we cannot establish the causal relationship between the coinfection and the severity of the clinical case, this work serves as a warning for future studies focused on the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1 coinfection and COVID-19 severity.

HSV-1 H129-Derived Anterograde Neural Circuit Tracers: Improvements, Production, and Applications / 神经科学通报·英文版

Anterograde viral tracers are powerful and essential tools for dissecting the output targets of a brain region of interest. They have been developed from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) strain H129 (H129), and have been successfully applied to map diverse neural circuits. Initially, the anterograde polysynaptic tracer H129-G4 was used by many groups. We then developed the first monosynaptic tracer, H129-dTK-tdT, which was highly successful, yet improvements are needed. Now, by inserting another tdTomato expression cassette into the H129-dTK-tdT genome, we have created H129-dTK-T2, an updated version of H129-dTK-tdT that has improved labeling intensity. To help scientists produce and apply our H129-derived viral tracers, here we provide the protocol describing our detailed and standardized procedures. Commonly-encountered technical problems and their solutions are also discussed in detail. Broadly, the dissemination of this protocol will greatly support scientists to apply these viral tracers on a large scale.

High incidence of herpes simplex virus-1 in cord blood and placenta infection of women in southern Brazil / Alta incidência do vírus herpes simplex 1 em sangue de cordão e infecção na placenta de mulheres no sul do Brasil

Abstract Objective Estimate the prevalence of human herpesvirus type 1 HSV-1 DNA in placental samples, its incidence in umbilical cord blood of newborns and the associated risk factors. Methods Placental biopsies and umbilical cord blood were analyzed, totaling 480 samples, from asymptomatic parturients and their newborns at a University Hospital. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencingwere used to identify the virus; odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) were performed to compare risk factors associated with this condition. Results The prevalence of HSV-1 DNA in placental samples was 37.5%, and the incidence in cord blood was 27.5%. Hematogenous transplacental route was identified in 61.4% from HSV-1+ samples of umbilical cord blood paired with the placental tissue. No evidence of the virus was observed in the remaining 38.6% of placental tissues, suggesting an ascendant infection from the genital tract, without replication in the placental tissue, resulting in intra-amniotic infection and vertical transmission, seen by the virus in the cord blood. The lack of condom use increased the risk of finding HSV-1 in the placenta and umbilical cord blood. Conclusion The occurrence of HSV-1 DNA in the placenta and in cord blood found suggests vertical transmission from asymptomatic pregnant women to the fetus.

Resumo Objetivo Estimar a prevalência do DNA do vírus herpes humano 1 (HSV-1) em amostras de placenta, sua incidência no sangue do cordão umbilical de recém-nascidos e fatores de risco associados. Métodos Biópsias de placenta e de sangue de cordão umbilical foram analisadas, totalizando 480 amostras de parturientes assintomáticas e seus recém-nascidos emum hospital universitário. Reação de cadeia de polimerase (RCP) nested e sequenciamento gênico foram usados para identificar o vírus; odds ratio (OR) e risco relativo (RR) foram realizados para comparar os fatores de risco associados à essa condição. Resultados A prevalência do DNA do HSV-1 em amostras de placenta foi de 37,5%, e a incidência no sangue do cordão foi de 27,5%. A via transplacentária hematogênica foi identificada em 61,4% das amostras de HSV-1+do sangue do cordão umbilical, pareadas com o tecido placentário. Nenhuma evidência do vírus foi observada nos restantes 38,6% dos tecidos placentários, sugerindo uma infecção ascendente do trato genital. A falta de uso do preservativo aumentou o risco de encontrar o HSV-1 na placenta e no sangue do cordão umbilical. Conclusão A ocorrência de DNA do HSV-1 na placenta e no sangue do cordão umbilical sugere uma transmissão vertical de gestantes assintomáticas para o feto.

Inhibitory effects of baicalein against herpes simplex virus type 1

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous and widespread human pathogen, which gives rise to a range of diseases, including cold sores, corneal blindness, and encephalitis. Currently, the use of nucleoside analogs, such as acyclovir and penciclovir, in treating HSV-1 infection often presents limitation due to their side effects and low efficacy for drug-resistance strains. Therefore, new anti-herpetic drugs and strategies should be urgently developed. Here, we reported that baicalein, a naturally derived compound widely used in Asian countries, strongly inhibited HSV-1 replication in several models. Baicalein was effective against the replication of both HSV-1/F and HSV-1/Blue (an acyclovir-resistant strain)

Evaluation of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of herpes simplex virus-1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus in corneal cells from normal subjects and patients with keratitis in India

Purpose: To determine the presence of herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus (HSV 1 and 2, VZV) in the cornea of normal subjects by multiplex real time quantitative (qPCR) assay and evaluate its utility in the diagnosis of viral keratitis. Methods: Corneal epithelial cells from 33 eyes of 22 patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy surgery (controls) and 50 corneal scrapings from 50 patients with suspected HSV keratitis were analyzed for the presence of HSV1 by conventional PCR and for presence of HSV1 and 2 and/or VZV by multiplex real-time PCR. Corneal scrapings of patients were also tested for HSV1 antigen by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The results were compared and clinical records reviewed. Results: HSV1 and VZV DNA were detected in 8/33 controls (mean-14.3 ± 7.96, range: 3-29.1 copies/mL) and 2/33 controls (mean-10.7 ± 10.9, range 3-18.5 copies/ml) respectively. HSV2 was not detected in any of the controls. Copy numbers above the mean + 1SD of controls were considered significant for viral load in patient samples. Significantly higher number of corneal scrapings (39/50, 78%) from patients were positive for HSV1 (1.2 × 106 copies/mL ± 3.7 × 106 copies/mL) by real time qPCR compared to IFA (11/48, 23%, P value 0.0001) and conventional PCR (20/50, 40%, P value 0.0002). Double infection with HSV-1 (1.5 × 107 copies/ml) and HSV-2 (3.57 × 104 copies/ml) in one case and VZV infection (1.03 × 102 copies/ml) in another was also detected by the multiplex real-time PCR. Conclusion: Multiplex real-time PCR reliably detects HSV1 and 2 and VZV DNA and is ideal for the diagnosis of HSV and VZV keratitis in an ocular microbiology laboratory.

Phellodendron amurense inhibited replication of herpes simplex virus type I / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To study the effects of Phellodendron amurense on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and cytokines, and to explore the mechanism of Phellodendron amurense inhibiting HSV-1 virus through multiple channels.@*Methods@#Viruses were inoculated into medicine treated HeLa cells. The proliferation of virus was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The transcriptional levels of glycoprotein gD and functional protein US1 on the surface of virus envelope were detected by quantitative (q) PCR. After incubating HeLa cells for 24 h, qPCR was used to detect the expression of intrinsic immune factors such as IP-10, IL-12, IFN-gamma and transcription factor NF-kappa B (P65). The expression and nuclear location of NF-kappa B (P65) protein were detected by immunofluorescence.@*Results@#Fluorescence showed that the proliferation of virus decreased significantly at 8 and 40 ng/ml (P<0.01), and the transcription levels of viral protein gD and US1 decreased (P<0.05). After incubation for 24 hours, the transcription levels of IP-10, IL-12 and IFN-gamma in HeLa cells increased significantly (P<0.01). The transcription level of transcription factor NF-kappa B (P65) also increased (P<0.05), and immunofluorescence showed that the nuclear penetration rate of p65 subunit of NF-kappa B (P65) in each group increased (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Phellodendron amurense extract can inhibit HSV-1 by inhibiting the transcription of viral functional protein and promoting the expression of cellular immune factors.

Virucidal properties of Orthosiphon stamineus against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1)

Aims@#Phytochemical analysis showed Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) possessed bioactive compounds with antiviral properties against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1). However, there isn’t any study reported so far on OS virucidal properties towards HSV-1. Thus, this study aims to investigate virucidal mechanism of OS aqueous extract that possibly acts as a potent entry inhibitor against HSV-1 infection. @*Methodology and results@#Virucidal attachment and penetration assays were done via plaque assay to investigate the virucidal anti-HSV-1 mechanism of OS. The aqueous extract of OS leaves (OSA) was found to reduce HSV-1 plaques in virucidal assays. Inhibitory effect by OSA was observed as early as 30 min after exposing OSA to HSV-1 in a concentration-dependent manner suggesting a direct anti-HSV-1 property of OSA. Further investigation of the stages in which OSA inhibits HSV-1 shows virions treated with OSA failed to attach onto the host cell which implicated a role of OSA in blocking HSV-1 attachment to its host. OSA was also found to reduce HSV-1 plaques in penetration assay. Further evaluation using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on OSA treated virion showed defective HSV-1 virion without envelope and the remaining capsid was altered. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#These findings concluded that Orthosiphon stamineus leaves extract have virucidal activity by disintegrating HSV-1 virion structure and interfering with the attachment and penetration of the virus into the host cell. Thus, through the new mechanism against HSV-1, OS has the potential to be further developed as an anti-HSV-1 agent.

Comparison of different detection methods of monkey B virus antibody / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective Monkey B virus(BV), also known as Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1,is an important zoonotic pathogen.According to the national standard, antibodies are detected using BV as an antigen.However, the preparation of BV antigen is very stricted due to biosafety issues.Therefore, in this study, we used alternative antigens to detect the BV antibody by serological assay and verified their specifity and sensitivity.Methods A total of 135 blood samples from rhesus monkeys were tested by two ELISA method (BV and HVP2) and enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA)method.The positive and suspicious samples were verified by immuno-fluorescence assay (IFA), Western blot and immunoblotting technique using HSV-1 gC1 purified glycoprotein as an antigen.Results The positive rates of HVP2-ELISA, BV-ELISA and HSV-1-EIA were 32.6%, 37.8% and 34.8%, respectively.Consistant result of the three detection method accounted for 91.1% (123/135), and the positive result were confirmed by IFA And WB.There were 12 suspicious samples,in which 33.3% (4/12) were verified to be positive.Conclusions Compared with BV antigen, the sensitivity and specificity of the alternative antigen HSV-1 are moe close than HVP2.Positive and suspicious samples should be verified by several method to avoid missed detection.

The latent infection of HSV-1 and stress-induced reactivation / 中国药理学通报

Herpes simplex virus type Ⅰ(HSV-1) is a common pathogen, and human is the only natural host of it.Following a period of lytic replication in epithelial cells, HSV-1 enters axon terminals of sensory neurons and then travels via retrograde transport to the sensory ganglia where latency can be established.Upon the stimulation of some stressors, the latent virus can reactivate, leading to recurrent diseases.Therefore, to clarify the mechanism of HSV-1 latent infection and stress-induced reactivation will offer new insights into the prevention, treatment and control of HSV-1 infection.In this review, we describes the mechanisms underlying HSV-1 latent infection and stress-induced reactivation.

Detection of EBV, CMV and HSV-1 in subgingival samples of HIV positive and negative patients with chronic periodontitis / Detección de VEB, CMV y VHS-1 en muestras subgingivales de pacientes VIH positivos y negativos con periodontitis crónica

Abstract: objective: to detect the presence of infection by EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus), CMV (Cytomegalovirus) and HSV-1 (Herpes Simplex Virus type 1) in subgingival samples from HIV- positive patients under HAART (High Activity Antiretroviral Therapy), HIV- positive patients without HAART, HIV-negative patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy controls. Methodology: Crevicular fluid samples of 11 HIV+ patients on therapy were evaluated, 6 without antiretroviral therapy, 7 HIV- negative subjects with chronic periodontitis and 7 periodontally-healthy controls. PI (Plaque index), GI (Gingival Index), PD (probing depth) and CAL (Clinical Attachment Loss) were registered at six sites per each tooth in all teeth and subgingival plaque samples of a tooth were collected per quadrant. Nested PCR was used to detect EBV and endpoint PCR to detect infection by CMV and HSV-1. Results: Clinical parameters showed statistically significant differences between HIV-positive patients and subjects with chronic periodontitis compared with the control group (p<0.05). DNA of EBV was detected mainly in HIV-positive patients under HAART, 91 percent (10/11). DNA of CMV was detected mainly in patients without HAART, 67 percent (4/6), while HSV-1 was observed in 27 percent (3/11) of patients under HAART. In the control group no virus was detected. Coinfection was observed in 50 percent of HIV patients without HAART, 36 percent of HIV patients with HAART and 14 percent of HIV-negative with chronic periodontitis. Conclusion: Viral infection was prevalent in HIV patients under HAART and EBV was the primary viral infection detected in HIV-positive patients with chronic periodontitis.

Resumen: detectar la presencia de infección por VEB (Virus Epstein-Barr), CMV (Citomegalovirus) y VHS-1 (Virus Herpes simple tipo 1) en muestras subgingivales de pacientes VIH-positivos bajo HAART (Terapia Anti Retroviral de Alta Actividad), VIH-positivos sin HAART, pacientes VIH-negativos con periodontitis crónica y controles sanos. Metodología: Se evaluaron muestras de fluido crevicular de 11 pacientes VIH+ bajo terapia, 6 sin terapia antiretroviral, 7 sujetos VIH–negativo con periodontitis crónica y 7 controles periodontalmente sanos. Se registró el IP (Índice de placa), IG (Índice Gingival), PS (Profundidad del Sondaje) y NIC (Nivel de Inserción Clínica) en seis sitios por diente en todos los dientes y se recolectaron muestras de placa subgingival de un diente por cuadrante. Se empleó PCR anidada para detectar VEB y PCR punto final para identificar la infección con CMV y VHS-1. Resultados: Los parámetros clínicos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre pacientes VIH-positivos y sujetos con periodontitis crónica comparados con el grupo control (p<0.05). El ADN de EBV fue detectado principalmente en pacientes VIH-positivos bajo HAART con 91 por ciento (10/11). El ADN de CMV se detectó principalmente en pacientes sin HAART, 67 por ciento (4/6), mientras que VHS-1 se observó en 27 por ciento (3/11) de los pacientes bajo HAART. En el grupo control no se detectó ningún virus. La coinfección fue observada en 50 por ciento de los pacientes VIH sin HAART, 36 por ciento de los VIH con HAART y 14 por ciento de los VIH negativos con periodontitis crónica. Conclusión: La infección viral fue predominante en los pacientes VIH bajo HAART y VEB fue la principal infección viral detectada en los pacientes VIH positivos y con periodontitis crónica.

Cloning of UL7 protein of HSV-1 and analysis of the expression of UL7 protein during the prolifera-tion of HSV-1 / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To express and purify the recombinant UL7 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), to prepare the corresponding UL7-specific polyclonal antibody and to preliminarily analyze the expression of UL7 protein during the proliferation of HSV-1. Methods The UL7 gene was amplified by PCR and then cloned into the pGEX-5X-1 vector for expression of UL7 protein in the prokaryotic expression system. The constructed expression plasmid, pGEX-5X-1-UL7, was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) to induce the expression of UL7 protein by IPTG. The purified GST-UL7 fusion protein was used as antigen to inject the ICR mouse for the preparation of polyclonal antibody specific for UL7 protein. The titer and speci-ficity of the polyclonal antibody were analyzed by using indirect ELISA and Western blot assay, respectively. The UL7 protein-specific polyclonal antibody was used to detect the expression of UL7 protein at different time points after infecting Vero cells with HSV-1. Results The GST-UL7 fusion protein was efficiently ex-pressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The UL7 protein-specific polyclonal antibody was prepared with high titer (1 ∶ 105) and high specificity as indicated by the indirect ELISA and Western blot assay. The expression of UL7 protein was detected at different time points after infecting Vero cells with HSV-1. Conclusion The GST-UL7 fusion protein was obtained successfully and the UL7 protein-specific polyclonal antibody was pre-pared. Accompany with the proliferation of HSV-1, the expression of UL7 protein was detected at different time points by using the polyclonal antibody.

Anti-herpes simplex virus type-1 activity of Eleusine indica methanol extract

Aims: The present study is aimed at determining the antiviral activity of Eleusine indica whole plant methanol extract. Methodology and results: Whole dried plants were extracted with methanol and the solvent was evaporated using a rotary evaporator. The crude methanol extract was previously shown to have antiviral activity towards herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) with selective index (SI = CC50 / EC50) of 12.2. The extract was further studied for the possible mode of action including pretreatment, attachment, penetration or virucidal activity. The observations suggested that E. indica crude methanol extract protects cells from HSV-1 infection, inhibits virus from docking to the surface of the cells and penetrating into the cells, as well as modifying virus through the virucidal effect. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Methanol extract of E. indica is safe with antiviral potential as a prophylactic agent, inhibits viral attachment, penetration and virucidal effect.

In vitro antiviral activity of styrylpyrone derivative-incorporated formulations against Herpes simplex virus type-1

Aims: This study was aimed to evaluate in vitro antiviral activity of topical formulations incorporated with a styrylpyrone derivative (SPD) against Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1). Methodology and results: Two types of SPD-incorporated formulations (ointment and gel) were tested for their antiviral activity against HSV-1 clinical strain using plaque reduction assay on Vero cells. The antiviral activity was determined based on the percentage of plaque reduction occurred between treatment and control (non-treated infected cells). In this study, 10% SPD-gel (SPD = 0.004 mg) and 20% SPD-ointment (SPD = 0.003 mg) showed plaque reduction percentage of 87% and 79% respectively. Further evaluation on the ointment base, gel base (formulation without SPD) demonstrated less than 10% of antiviral activity while pure SPD at 0.0025 mg showed 81% of plaque reduction. These results indicated that the antiviral activity observed in both SPD-incorporated ointment and gel was mainly due to SPD regardless of formulation components. Furthermore, the antiviral activities observed in both SPD-incorporated products were also in agreement with the antiviral activity observed in pure SPD. Conclusion, significance and impact study: SPD-incorporated products retained the antiviral activity and can further be tested in animal model.

Potencial atividade antiviral de plexaurella regia no ciclo replicativo do vírus herpes simples tipo 1 / Potential antiviral activity of plexaurella regia on the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1

Latência e resistência de cepas de Herpes simples tipo 1 (HSV-1) ao aciclovir têm sido associados a sequelas graves em pacientes imunocomprometidos, como pacientes com AIDS. Por essa razão, a pesquisa por novas substâncias com atividade anti-HSV-1 é uma necessidade urgente. Objetivo: Investigar se os extratos obtidos de Plexaurella spp poderiam ser usados em estudos pré-clínicos de drogas contra o vírus herpes simples tipo 1. Métodos: A viabilidade celular e concentrações inibitórias das drogas foram utilizados como testes de triagem para investigar os extratos etil acetato e diclorometano de Plexaurella spp como antivirais. Resultados: Os resultados de viabilidade demonstraram que os extratos de Plexaurella regia e Plexaurella grandflora não foram citotóxicas, mas somente Plexaurella regia alcançou um valor de CC50 expressivo. Nos ensaios antivirais, Plexaurella regia mostraram um resultado ainda mais significante de concentração efetiva (EC50) e índice terapêutico (<2.5 µg/mL e 51.6 µg/mL, respectivamente) comparado com aciclovir (ACV). Conclusão: Estes resultados mostram que os extratos de corais têm atividade anti-herpética e podem contribuir para novas estratégias de redução da incidência de resistência de doenças relacionadas aos herpes vírus

Latency and resistance of acyclovir-resistant strains of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have been associated with serious sequelae in immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients. Consequently, the search for new substances with anti-HSV activity is both necessary and urgent. Objective: To investigate whether extracts obtained from Plexaurella spp can be used in preclinical studies of drugs against herpes simplex virus type 1. Methods: Cell viability and inhibitory drug concentrations as screening tests were used to investigate ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts from Plexaurella spp as antivirals. Results: The results of viability assays demonstrated that extracts from Plexaurella regia and Plexaurella grandiflora showed less cytotoxicity, but only Plexaurella regia reached a very expressive CC50 value. In antiviral assays, Plexaurella regia showed an even more significant result of effective concentration (EC50) and therapeutic index (<2.5 µg/mL and 51.6 µg/mL, respectively) compared with acyclovir (ACV). Conclusion: These results demonstrated that extracts from corals have anti-herpetic activities and could contribute towards new strategies to stop the increasing incidence of resistance in herpes-related diseases.

Preparation and application of monoclonal antibodies against Herpes simplex virus-1 / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To prepare and screen monoclonal antibodies against Herpes simplex virus-1(HSV-1),and develop a double antibody sandwich quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay( Q-ELISA) for detection of HSV-1 particle. This method was used to control the quality of viral particle in the developing and manufacturing process of HSV-1. Methods: BALB/c mice was immunized with HSV-1 to prepare monoclonal antibodies. A double antibody sandwich Q-ELISA was developed to determine concentration of HSV-1 particle,which was based on the neutralizing monoclonal antibody 1F6 as capture antibody,and 2B1 as HRP-conjugated antibody. The performance of the reagent was evaluated,including specificity,sensitivity,precision,accuracy and linear. And the relation between the amount of virus detected by this method and the virus titer was analyzed by regression analysis method. Results: The Q-ELISA for HSV-1 particle was developed. The quantitation scope was 0. 125-2 μg/ml, the coefficient correlation was 0. 995 5, the limit of detection was 0. 125 μg/ml, the recovery was between 85. 6% and 107. 1%, the variation coefficient was lower than 10%, and the reagent does not react with other samples except HSV-1 antigen. This method has a good correlation with virus titer. Conclusion:The Q-ELISA for HSV-1 particle was successfully developed,which provide a new approach for rapid and quantitative detection of HSV-1 antigen.